HIV risk of percutaneous inoculation

What is the risk of HIV transmission after percutaneous inoculation?
The overall rate of HIV transmission through percutaneous inoculation (i.e., by means of a needle or other instrument that pierces the skin) is widely reported to be 0.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2 to 0.5); features of exposure that are associated with a higher rate of transmission include a needle that was used to cannulate a blood vessel in the source patient, advanced HIV disease in the source patient, a deep needlestick, and visible blood on the surface of the instrument. Theoretically, any exposure that involves piercing of the skin may transmit infection, but clinical judgment is required to assess the likelihood that the inoculum is sufficient to pose a credible threat of transmission; many clinicians use a puncture that draws blood as a general threshold. Splashes of infectious material to mucous membranes (e.g., conjunctivae or oral mucosa) or broken skin also may transmit HIV infection (estimated risk per exposure, 0.09% [95% CI, 0.006 to 0.5]).